Shattering Barriers: An exclusive conversation with Dr. Mayaa on Empowering Women Empowerment in India | Ankush Bharti

Women in India face a complex web of societal, economic, and institutional barriers that influence their career choices and professional growth. Despite progress in gender equality, traditional norms, family responsibilities, and workplace biases continue to shape their employment trajectories. Issues such as unequal access to education, safety concerns, and the lack of mentorship further limit opportunities for women in the workforce.  

Dr. Mayaa, a renowned gender studies expert, has emphasized the importance of policy-driven change and grassroots efforts in breaking these barriers. She highlights that while legal frameworks provide a foundation for equality, real change comes from shifting societal mindsets and encouraging families to support women’s ambitions. She stresses the need for strong mentorship programs and networking opportunities to bridge the gender gap in various industries. Dr. Mayaa believes that fostering leadership skills among young women, coupled with corporate and governmental support, can significantly enhance women's participation in diverse career fields.

This discussion explores the critical factors affecting women's career choices in India, the impact of the pandemic on employment, and strategies to break gender stereotypes in career planning. By fostering mentorship, networking opportunities, and supportive policies, we can create an environment where women are empowered to pursue diverse and fulfilling careers.

An exclusive interview with Dr.Mayaa SH.

What are some of the primary barriers women face when making career choices in India today?

Women in India encounter a multitude of barriers that significantly impact their career choices and progression.Traditional gender roles in Indian society often dictate that women should prioritize family responsibilities over professional aspirations. This cultural expectation can lead to a lack of support for women pursuing careers, as they may face pressure to conform to domestic roles.Access to quality education remains uneven, particularly in rural areas. Many women do not receive the same educational opportunities as men, which limits their career options and advancement potential. Additionally, societal attitudes towards women’s education can discourage families from investing in girls’ schooling. Women frequently face discrimination in hiring practices, promotions, and salary negotiations. This bias can stem from stereotypes about women’s capabilities or assumptions regarding their commitment to work due to family obligations.Lack of Mentorship and Networking Opportunities is another area to dwell upon.The absence of female role models and mentors in many industries can hinder women’s professional growth. Networking opportunities are often male-dominated, making it difficult for women to establish connections that could facilitate career advancement.Safety is a significant concern for women in India, especially when it comes to commuting to work or working late hours. Fear of harassment or violence can deter women from pursuing certain jobs or advancing into leadership positions.The dual burden of professional responsibilities and unpaid domestic work creates significant challenges for women seeking to balance their careers with family life. The lack of flexible working arrangements exacerbates this issue, making it difficult for women to manage both spheres effectively.The combination of societal expectations, educational inequities, workplace discrimination, limited mentorship opportunities, safety concerns, and challenges related to work-life balance collectively create substantial barriers for women making career choices in India today.

How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted women's employment and career trajectories in India?

The COVID-19 pandemic has had profound effects on women’s employment and career trajectories in India, particularly within the context of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). The pandemic exacerbated existing inequalities and introduced new challenges that significantly affected women’s financial independence and professional advancement. Women employed in MSMEs faced heightened financial vulnerabilities during the pandemic. Many businesses experienced severe disruptions due to lockdowns, leading to layoffs and reduced working hours. Women, who often occupy lower-paying positions or work in informal sectors, were disproportionately affected by job losses. This situation not only impacted their immediate income but also threatened their long-term economic stability.The pandemic intensified caregiving responsibilities for women as schools closed and family members fell ill. With a significant portion of household labor traditionally falling on women, many found it challenging to balance work with increased domestic duties. This dual burden led to a decrease in available time for professional development or job searching, further hindering their career advancement.The shift to remote work created barriers for women’s career progression. While remote work offered flexibility, it also resulted in diminished visibility within organizations. Women reported that their contributions were less recognized compared to their male counterparts, which could lead to fewer promotions and opportunities for advancement. The lack of networking opportunities during this period further compounded these challenges.The psychological toll of the pandemic also played a significant role in affecting women’s employment outcomes. Many women reported feelings of stress and anxiety related to job security and balancing multiple roles at home and work. This mental strain can affect productivity and decision-making regarding career moves or pursuing new opportunities.The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted women’s employment in India by increasing financial vulnerabilities, intensifying caregiving responsibilities, creating barriers to career advancement, imposing psychological stressors, and necessitating effective government interventions to support recovery efforts.

In your opinion, how does education play a role in influencing women's career choices in India?

The underrepresentation of women in technical and managerial education directly impacts their career opportunities. With fewer women pursuing degrees in high-demand fields, their likelihood of entering these sectors diminishes. This trend perpetuates gender stereotypes about suitable careers for women and limits their potential for professional growth. As a result, many women may find themselves confined to traditional roles or industries that do not fully utilize their skills or provide adequate financial security.The information on urban vs rural disparity also points out significant differences between urban and rural women’s participation in the labor force. While rural women are entering the workforce in larger numbers compared to their urban counterparts, urban women’s labor force participation rate (LFPR) is considerably lower (15.44% compared to 30.02% for rural women). This suggests that societal norms and expectations surrounding marriage and family responsibilities disproportionately affect urban women’s career choices post-education.Societal conditioning plays a critical role in influencing women’s perceptions of their career options from a young age. Many girls are raised with the belief that certain jobs are more appropriate for them than others or that they should prioritize family over career after marriage or childbirth. Such conditioning can deter them from pursuing ambitious career paths despite having educational qualifications.Marital status further complicates the landscape for urban women seeking employment after completing their education. Many cite marriage as a reason for taking breaks from their careers, which contrasts with rural women’s experiences where financial necessity often drives continuous workforce participation regardless of marital status.While education is essential for empowering women and expanding their career choices, systemic issues such as societal norms, gender biases, and disparities between urban and rural contexts continue to hinder progress towards gender equality in the workforce.

What are some effective strategies to address gender stereotypes in career planning and choice among women in India?

One of the primary strategies is to implement awareness and education programs that focus on gender stereotypes and their impact on career choices. These programs can be integrated into school curricula, targeting both students and educators. By educating young women about the various career options available to them, beyond traditional roles, they can make informed decisions about their futures. Workshops, seminars, and interactive sessions can help dispel myths surrounding gender roles in various professions. Introducing role models from diverse fields who have successfully navigated their careers can inspire young women. Mentorship programs that connect aspiring female professionals with established women in their fields can provide guidance, support, and encouragement. This strategy not only helps in building confidence but also offers practical insights into overcoming challenges related to gender biases in the workplace.Family Involvement Engaging families in discussions about career choices is crucial since family opinions often significantly influence women’s decisions. Programs aimed at educating families about the importance of supporting women’s career aspirations can help shift perceptions regarding gender roles within households. Workshops or community meetings that involve parents can foster a supportive environment for young women pursuing non-traditional careers.Policy Advocacy Advocating for policies that promote gender equality in education and employment is essential for long-term change. This includes pushing for legislation that supports equal opportunities for women in all sectors, as well as promoting initiatives that encourage companies to adopt fair hiring practices and create inclusive workplaces. Community-based programs that challenge existing stereotypes through campaigns or local events can raise awareness about the capabilities of women across different professions. Engaging local leaders and influencers to advocate for women’s rights and career choices can amplify these messages within communities.Media Representation Encouraging positive media representation of women in diverse careers can help reshape public perceptions of gender roles. Campaigns that highlight successful female professionals across various sectors will serve as powerful examples for young girls considering their future paths.

How important is mentorship and networking in empowering women to pursue diverse career paths?

Mentorship and networking are critical components in empowering women to pursue diverse career paths. According to the information provided, mentorship involves a trusted advisor offering guidance, support, and feedback to a mentee. This relationship can significantly influence a woman’s career trajectory by providing insights into navigating workplace challenges, especially for those who may face unique barriers due to gender or race.Mentorship serves as a powerful tool for career advancement. Research indicates that mentorship positively impacts various career outcomes, such as job satisfaction, salary increases, and promotion rates. For women, particularly those from underrepresented groups like Black women, having access to mentors can help them overcome systemic obstacles they may encounter in predominantly male-dominated fields. Mentors can provide not only professional guidance but also emotional support and encouragement, which are vital for building confidence and resilience.Networking complements mentorship by expanding professional connections and creating opportunities for collaboration and visibility within industries. Engaging with networks specifically tailored for women can facilitate access to resources, information about job openings, and introductions to influential figures in their fields. These networks often foster environments where women can share experiences, challenges, and strategies for success.Women often face intersecting forms of discrimination based on gender and race that complicate their career advancement. The concept of “intersectionality,” highlights how these overlapping identities create distinct barriers that require targeted support systems like mentorship and networking. By participating in supportive networks or seeking out mentors who understand these challenges firsthand, women can better navigate their careers.To maximize the benefits of mentorship and networking, it is essential for women to focus on building authentic relationships with mentors and peers. This involves being open about their experiences and aspirations while actively listening to the insights offered by others. Such genuine connections can lead to more meaningful guidance and advocacy within organizations.

What role do government policies and corporate initiatives play in improving women's participation in the workforce?

The participation of women in the workforce is a critical factor for economic growth, social development, and gender equality. It has to be emphasized that both government policies and corporate initiatives play significant roles in enhancing women’s participation in the labor market. Governments can enact laws that promote equal rights for women in the workplace. This includes legislation against discrimination based on gender, ensuring equal pay for equal work, and providing maternity leave. Such laws create a legal framework that supports women’s employment and encourages companies to adopt fair practices. Government policies that support work-life balance are crucial. This includes parental leave policies, affordable childcare services, and flexible working hours. By alleviating the burden of childcare responsibilities, these policies enable more women to enter or remain in the workforce. Policies that provide financial assistance, mentorship programs, and networking opportunities for women entrepreneurs can significantly boost women’s participation in the workforce by encouraging self-employment and business ownership. Corporations can implement diversity initiatives aimed at increasing female representation at all levels of the organization. This includes setting measurable goals for hiring, retention, and promotion of women within the company. Establishing mentorship programs where experienced employees guide younger female employees can help them navigate career challenges effectively. Sponsorship initiatives where senior leaders advocate for high-potential women can also facilitate career advancement. Companies that offer flexible working conditions—such as remote work options or adjustable hours—can attract more female talent who may have caregiving responsibilities or prefer non-traditional work schedules. Fostering an inclusive workplace culture where diversity is valued encourages women to participate actively in the workforce without fear of bias or discrimination. Corporations should adopt transparent pay practices to address wage gaps between genders effectively. By openly sharing salary ranges and conducting regular pay audits, companies can build trust among employees regarding equitable compensation. Government policies such as legislation promoting equal rights, family-friendly initiatives, educational programs, support for entrepreneurs, and monitoring mechanisms play a vital role in improving women’s participation in the workforce. Simultaneously, corporate initiatives like diversity programs, mentorship opportunities, flexible arrangements, inclusive cultures, transparency in pay structures further enhance this participation by creating supportive environments for women at work.

How do family responsibilities affect women's career choices, and what can be done to alleviate this burden?

Family responsibilities significantly impact women’s career choices in various ways. The traditional perception of women as primary caregivers leads to an uneven distribution of family responsibilities, which often results in women facing challenges in their professional lives. Women typically shoulder the majority of childcare duties, which can lead to career interruptions. Pregnancy and childbirth are physically demanding and can result in health challenges that affect a woman’s ability to work full-time. After childbirth, the demands of nurturing and educating children require substantial time and energy. Many women find themselves needing to take extended maternity leave or shift to part-time roles, which can hinder their career progression. This interruption often results in missed opportunities for promotions, salary increases, and professional development. In many households, even when both partners work full-time, women tend to take on a larger share of household chores and management tasks. This additional workload can lead to stress and exhaustion, further impacting women’s ability to focus on their careers. The expectation for women to manage both professional responsibilities and household duties creates a significant barrier to achieving career advancement. To alleviate the burden of family responsibilities on women and support their career choices, several strategies can be implemented. Governments and organizations should implement policies that promote parental leave for both mothers and fathers equally. Encouraging shared parental leave allows both parents to participate in childcare without penalizing one parent’s career over the other’s. Employers should offer flexible work arrangements such as remote work options or flexible hours that allow employees to balance family responsibilities with work commitments effectively. This flexibility can help retain talented women who might otherwise leave the workforce due to caregiving obligations. Providing access to affordable childcare services is crucial for supporting working mothers. By ensuring that quality childcare is available, families can better manage their responsibilities without sacrificing career opportunities. Promoting a cultural shift towards shared domestic responsibilities is essential for reducing the burden on women. Encouraging men to take an active role in caregiving and household management will help create a more equitable distribution of family responsibilities.By addressing these areas through policy changes, workplace flexibility, support services, and cultural shifts, it is possible to alleviate the burden of family responsibilities on women and enhance their career choices.

In terms of job satisfaction, what unique challenges do women in India encounter compared to their male counterparts?

One of the primary challenges women in India encounter is the societal expectation to fulfill traditional gender roles. Many women are expected to prioritize family responsibilities over their careers. This cultural norm can lead to conflicts between professional aspirations and domestic duties, resulting in decreased job satisfaction for women who feel they must choose between work and family.Workplace Discrimination is another factor . Women often face discrimination in the workplace, which can manifest as unequal pay for equal work, limited opportunities for promotions, or being overlooked for leadership roles. Such discrimination not only affects women’s financial stability but also their morale and motivation at work. Studies indicate that women frequently report feeling undervalued compared to their male colleagues, which directly impacts their overall job satisfaction. While many organizations have implemented policies aimed at promoting gender equality, there is still a significant gap in supportive measures such as maternity leave, flexible working hours, and childcare facilities. The absence of these policies can make it challenging for women to balance work and family life effectively. Consequently, this lack of support contributes to lower job satisfaction among women compared to men who may not face the same level of pressure regarding family obligations.Safety remains a critical issue for working women in India. Concerns about harassment or violence in public spaces or workplaces can create an environment of fear and anxiety that detracts from job satisfaction. Women may feel compelled to limit their mobility or avoid certain jobs due to safety concerns, further restricting their career options and impacting their overall happiness with their employment situation.The cumulative effect of these challenges can lead to significant psychological stress for women in the workforce. Feelings of isolation, frustration over limited advancement opportunities, and the pressure of balancing multiple roles can contribute to lower levels of job satisfaction among women compared to men who may not experience these pressures as acutely.The unique challenges faced by women in India regarding job satisfaction stem from societal expectations, workplace discrimination, inadequate supportive policies, safety concerns, limited networking opportunities, and psychological stressors. These factors collectively create an environment where women’s job satisfaction is often compromised compared to that of their male counterparts.

What trends do you see emerging in the types of industries and roles that women are pursuing in India today?

Focus on Sustainability and Social Impact is one of the most significant trends is the growing participation of women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields. Traditionally male-dominated, these sectors are witnessing a shift as more women pursue careers in technology, engineering, and data science. Initiatives aimed at encouraging girls to take up STEM subjects in schools and universities have contributed to this trend. Organizations like NASSCOM have reported an increase in female representation in tech roles, highlighting efforts to create inclusive workplaces. Women are increasingly venturing into entrepreneurship across various sectors. The rise of digital platforms has enabled women to start their businesses with lower capital investment and access broader markets. According to reports from organizations such as the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), women-led startups are on the rise, particularly in e-commerce, health tech, and social enterprises. This trend reflects a shift towards self-employment and innovation among women.There is a growing interest among women to engage in industries focused on sustainability and social impact. Many are pursuing careers that align with environmental conservation, renewable energy, or social entrepreneurship initiatives that aim to address societal challenges.The healthcare sector is another area where women’s participation is expanding significantly. With an increasing focus on health and wellness, many women are pursuing careers as healthcare professionals, wellness coaches, nutritionists, and mental health counselors. The COVID-19 pandemic has further underscored the importance of healthcare roles, leading to increased demand for skilled professionals in this field.Women are also making strides in financial services and fintech industries. As financial literacy improves among women, there is a notable increase in their participation as financial advisors, analysts, and entrepreneurs within fintech startups. Programs aimed at empowering women financially have contributed to this trend by providing them with the skills needed to thrive in these roles.The emerging trends indicate that Indian women are diversifying their career choices across various sectors such as STEM fields, entrepreneurship, healthcare, financial services, sustainability-focused roles, and remote work opportunities.

How can technology and digital platforms be leveraged to enhance career opportunities and development for women in India?

One of the primary ways technology can enhance career opportunities for women is through online education and skill development platforms. Many online courses on a wide range of subjects, allow women to learn at their own pace from anywhere. This flexibility is particularly beneficial for women who may have family responsibilities or other constraints that limit their ability to attend traditional educational institutions.Moreover, initiatives such as the Digital India program aim to increase digital literacy among women. By equipping them with essential digital skills, these programs enable women to participate more fully in the digital economy. For instance, coding bootcamps specifically designed for women can help them enter tech fields where they are underrepresented. Digital platforms also facilitate networking opportunities that are crucial for career advancement. Professional networking sites like LinkedIn allow women to connect with industry leaders, mentors, and peers across various sectors. These connections can lead to job opportunities, collaborations, and valuable advice on career progression. Furthermore, online communities focused on empowerment of individuals help to provide spaces for sharing experiences and resources. These communities often host webinars, workshops, and mentorship programs that can significantly boost women’s confidence and professional growth.The rise of remote work has been accelerated by technological advancements and has opened new avenues for women in India. Many companies now offer flexible work arrangements that allow employees to work from home or choose their hours. This flexibility is particularly advantageous for women who may face societal pressures regarding traditional work hours or commuting.Technology also plays a vital role in supporting female entrepreneurship in India. E-commerce platforms such as Amazon and Flipkart provide a marketplace for women entrepreneurs to sell their products without needing significant upfront investment in physical storefronts. Additionally, social media marketing allows them to reach wider audiences at minimal costs.Various government initiatives and non-profit organizations focus on empowering female entrepreneurs through training programs that teach business management skills, financial literacy, and digital marketing strategies. For example, the Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME) offers schemes specifically aimed at promoting women’s entrepreneurship. Leveraging technology and digital platforms presents numerous opportunities for enhancing career development for women in India. By improving access to education, facilitating networking opportunities, enabling remote work options, and supporting entrepreneurship initiatives, technology serves as a catalyst for empowering women economically and socially.